The wrong girl Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An inappropriate young lady - Assignment Example Matt is astonished that he feels so energetically about Anna thinking about that he just met her half a month back. Matt is satisfied with himself for communicating his considerations, so he chooses to enjoy a reprieve by leaving to get some food. Matt totally disregards the email that he had composed for Anna. It turns out there was not a lot to eat at home, so he went out to the neighborhood burger eatery. Matt is worried from his difficult day, so when he gets back home he needs to simply sit in his room and chill. In any case, when he strolls into his room he attempts to spare his email for Anna yet incidentally taps the â€Å"send† button. Matt is quickly appalled with himself for what he has done in light of the fact that he was not prepared to disclose to Anna how her felt about her yet. Matt spends quite a while at his PC attempting to fix his misstep, yet he understands that there is presently no way around it. Matt wanted to communicate his actual emotions to Anna, d islike this. He needed to do it in a sentimental manner that really demonstrated he thought about her. His email was extremely immediate, and Anna dislike that. In the wake of putting in two or three hours worrying about his error, Matt concludes that he must choose the option to erase the email. Nonetheless, that solitary methods a certain something: he should erase the email from Anna's email account. Matt promptly gets together his things and sets out for Anna's home. He has never been to her home, yet he has a genuinely smart thought of where it is. The road that Anna lives on is faintly lit, with just one flashing light way off out there giving any kind of way along the side of the road. Matt at last comes to what he accepts to be Anna's home. He sees that the entryway is bolted, so he endeavors to climb the fence. In any case, he gets an amazing trepidation when an immense canine starts to bark so boisterous that all the neighbors can hear it. Matt is worried that somebody may confuse him with a robber, so he chills out for some time. It appeared to be a disgrace to come this path just to turn around now. Matt has a light second about how to divert the pooch. He despite everything has some extra cheeseburger from previously, so he hurls it far away from the fence, giving himself sufficiently long to move over and clear his path through a window. Having vanquished the canine, the difficulties don't stop there for Matt. He surmises that Anna's room must be upstairs. Be that as it may, Anna's grandma is dozing in the family room just before the steps. He can't appear to move beyond without upsetting her. Matt chooses to take his shoes off so he can be as very as could be expected under the circumstances. He figures out how to sneak his way up the steps without getting took note. Once up the steps, Matt rapidly finds Anna's room and finds the PC turned on. When Matt logs onto Anna's email account, he has little trouble erasing the email. Be that as it may, s imilarly as he is doing this, Matt hears Anna's voice coming up the steps. This sends Matt into a frenzy, as he isn't sure how to account for himself for being in Anna's home, not to mention her room! There is no spot to cover up, so Matt must choose the option to remain there like a man and acknowledge the outcomes. As Anna opens the entryway, Matt views stun and ghastliness all over on the grounds that he contemplates to be uncovered. Incredibly, Anna doesn't appear to mind he is there; truth be told, she strolls straight up to Matt and plants a kiss on his cheek. Matt is devoured by a blend of feelings, however above all else he can't accept what is truly occurring.

Managing Employees and Relations Qantas

Question: Examine about theManaging Employees and Relationsfor Qantas. Answer: Foundation Of Qantas 2011:- The Qantas associations spoke to three fundamental divisions of staff. The associations spoke to for the most part the three divisions of staff in Qantas. Because of the dispatch of new venture haggling understanding the associations were attempting to come into an arrangement. The primary issues of the understanding are as per the following:- Transport Workers Union of Australia The Australian and International Pilots Union The Australian Licensed Aircraft Engineers Association Partners And Their Outlined Actions:- For each situation the issue was extraordinary however the regular reason continued as before for all including degrees of pay, chances of re-appropriating and protections with respect to work. There were different exchanges done among Qantas and three different associations because of which every association requested that their individuals vote furtively then sent moderately gentle modern relations sanctions. These sorts of moves were made under the law of ensured modern activity. As referenced before, on Saturday 29 October 2011 Qantas pulled out to its three associations and different workers who were falling under the endeavor understandings. The understanding expressed that the representatives who are speaking to the associations will be lockout from 8.00pm on Monday 31 Oct. Typically lockout can be executed under FW Act s 19(3), which expresses that at whatever point a specific laborer keep different specialists or representatives from achieving their undertaking when the work ers are under the agreement of business and without ending those agreements he can't decline to work. These moves are commonly made by the laborers who are under big business understanding dealings. The representatives for the most part take help of these mechanical activities so as to ensure themselves. Significantly the key partners incorporate the workers speaking to the associations and the three primary associations. Under the demonstration 411, these exercises are generally organized to return the modern activity by workers or the agents. While secured mechanical activity taken by representatives or associations must be gone before by the giving of three clear working days composed notification to the businesses a lockout can happen with quick impact following the arrangement of composed notification (Scribd. 2016) Activities Taken By Qantas Ceo:- Consequently , the CEO of Qantas Alan Joyce on October 29, 2011, at last chose to ground Qantass overall armada promptly further it was likewise pronounced by him that , the staff individuals who are individuals or spoken to by these three associations will be lockout .The lockout ones would not be given their compensation. This declaration spread like out of control fire all through the whole country lastly outfit the organization's notoriety. After this occurrence Qantas lost a large number of its representatives and clients. The CEO of Qantas was forgotten about with no other option and his fundamental plan was to hit government intercession. While reporting the lockout CEO expressed that so as to get answer for this specific circumstance the accompanying advance is been taken. The primary thought process of the higher specialists is stopped whole emergencies in this way the organization is utilizing its ensured mechanical activity so as to make the associations genuine about thei r activities and further to show signs of improvement bargain from them. As indicated by CEO essentially it was acquainted with bring back harmony in the association (Scribd. 2016) Aftereffects Of Lockout:- This specific activity turned effective as it brought about national emergencies. A nation like Australia is fundamentally an island which is encircled by water .Thus carriers is the primary method of correspondence to different nations for products and traveler voyaging. Aside from that Australian street and rail network leaves something to be desired in its different urban areas hence the Federal government asked FWA to mediate quickly( Cahan, J., 2003) After Qantas Grounded Its Feet:- After the carrier organization grounded its armada all through the whole on October 29, 2011. A three men advisory group was shaped by Fair Work Australia (FWA) to listen the whole situation. At last FWA chose to end all the mechanical activities taken by Qantas and its three associations. Further it offered the separate gatherings a timespan of 21 days so as to arrange and settle the whole issue.. The gatherings were obliged to take part in dealing in compliance with common decency. At long last on Monday 12 PM cutoff time passed and the gatherings were approached to move to restricting discretion dictated by FWA. These sorts of settlements are generally substantial for most extreme four years. FWA is really Australian national work-place relations council. It isn't at all one-sided and it frequently named as the umpire of mechanical relations. Besides the choice taken by this body despite everything had confronted a lawful test by the associations specifically: the Australian and I nternational Pilots Association and the Transport Workers Union. And yet this sort of legitimate test was carefully restricted (Floyd Fowler, 2009) Elective Steps Qantas Could Have Taken Every one of the associations had various cases however the regular interest was with respect to their basic worries of salary and work security. Subsequently they were attempting to enter an understanding which incorporate their consolation with such issues however Qantas was not prepared to help them as it was concentrating on cost cutting by redistributing inside and outside Australia. In the event that the organization would have arrived at an exchange with respect to representative security, at that point this whole occurrence could have been kept away from; it is consistently the organization's duty to make sure about its workers. Aside from that it would have given them more proprietorship of settlements on the off chance that mediator actualizes settlements; it's certain that both the gatherings would not be happy with the proposed result. Be that as it may, the connections have arrived at such low degree of trust, along these lines for this situation it was impossible for bo th the gatherings to haggle further without FWA mediation (Green, et al., 2011) Australian Waterfront Dispute Of 1998:- In this specific task we will examine 1998 Australian Waterfront debate. The primary concerns which will be canvassed in further sections will be to investigate the relations of business, powerful and appropriate workforce for the administration reconstruction lastly assessing partner's jobs. The 1998 Waterfront contest is one of the best occasion and pivotal mechanical changes which occurred throughout the entire existence of Australia. It laid a significant effect all in all waterfront and furthermore reevaluating the customary jobs of the MUA and other exchange unions.TheAustralian waterfront contest of 1998took spot as the Patrick enterprise was attempting to rebuild its administration .Due to this unlawful rebuilding it sacked the whole work power of the organization. All the representatives were lockout so the enrollment of new workers should be possible without association arrangement (Helfat, Martin, 2014. ) The headliners in this contest occurred in four principle parts , where thePatrick Corporationhad its fundamental and pivotal tasks. Melbourne, Brisbane,Fremantleand Sydney were its primary workplaces. At long last on seventh April 1998 Chris Corrigan sacked all the workers and bolted them out with the goal that the organization can select non-unionized representatives who are prepared from Dubai. It was hard battle for the representatives for 14 days after the lockout occurred; in the end after this difficulties they got help when equity Tony North at long last pronounced restoration rights for the 1,400 sacked Maritime Union of Australia waterside laborers. The judgment further expressed that organization should separate its capacities inside its two significant organizations. Aside from that Patrick gathering should partition the matter of its two organizations which will likewise make it simpler for them to fire its representatives. It is doubtful on the proof this was done in li ght of the fact that the representatives were individuals from the association. Further the organization thought of judgment that following two days on April 23 ' yet after two days on April 23, the full seat of the Federal Court maintained Justice North's choice. This lockout was really a genuine test for the collaboration and worker's organization. Further the help of Howard government began the Workplace Relations Act 1996 as a substitute of national mechanical understandings dependent on the pay rates and circumstances alongside specific agreements among laborers and representatives. This was a judgment where both the gatherings were fulfilled. On one side Patrick made urgent and effective changes in its acts of work and then again the representatives got certain advantages like deliberate redundancies and the contracting out of some work (Randolf, J.J., 2009) Reasons for Dispute:- Because of the development of Australia as a practical force in 1988 the docks imported and traded 64% of payload .Which was high when contrasted with the most recent years. Aside from that the period was of innovative improvement which was brought by Containerization the WIRA, (Waterfront Industry Reform Authority) .They were answerable for changing the acts of work of he marine organizations. These organizations required less workforce and. Be that as it may, because of Howard Govt Workplace Relations Act (1996) again the works and laborers got significant and gainful (Hutchison, Boxall, 2014) Activities Taken By Patricks:- Patrick Stevedores on April seventh fired its entire laborers and representatives including1400 workers who were lasting and 600 easygoing representatives. Because of this lockout all the representatives were suspended from the organization with a prompt end .Apart from that this procedure was proceeded consistently. In this specific arrangement Federal government which was the running government around then was absolutely supporting the laborers on the grounds that simultaneously government was additionally intrigued to diminish the effect of association in the businesses. as this prompted the end of numerous security monitors who were equipped with hounds entered Patrick's 17 wharves across Australia, compelling unionists off the activity (Jones, 2001) Modern Actions Taken

Economic Downturn

Economic Downturn Economic Downturn Home›Economics Posts›Economic Downturn Economics PostsMethodology3.0 IntroductionThe economic downturn witnessed between 2007 and 2009 brought about a myriad of negative consequences for companies and most of them are still struggling to make up for the losses. Companies that were utilizing the outsourcing strategy however did not sustain severe losses compared to companies that utilized inbound services. This is because outsourcing reduces expenses considerably, given that the outsourcing company bears all the costs and also bears all the risks incurred in the outsourced service. The Standard Chartered Bank in the UK is one such company, which practically reduced the severity of the economic downturn. The bank which outsources the HR function did not incur major losses during the downturn because expenses in the HR services were highly minimized. The impact of HR outsourcing on the financial performance in UK banks is a subject that elicits the need for resear ch, hence this study.Presentation of the methodology that will be used in the study is the main goal of this section. This section seeks to establish how HR outsourcing affected financial performance of UK’s banking industry. Understanding the methodology is important in developing a study whose findings are acceptable to existing social systems. It is important that the research be designed in a manner that is appreciative of the role played by accuracy in ensuring that the findings of a research are acceptable. In this regard, the researcher must aim at using the most appropriate research approach, instruments and research strategies to ensure accuracy of the information collected.3.1 Research PhilosophyThis research will aim at maintaining the highest level of accuracy and validity, with an objective of making it a reliable research for reference in the academic as well as the business field. It should be factual and as informative as possible to assure its usefulness to the us ers. The idea is to produce a high quality research paper through coming up with conclusions that represent the actual situation on the ground. Further, it will exhibit high professionalism levels and thus act as a guide for future research. This will be done through efficient selection of the population sample and utilization of research strategies that assure accuracy of data collected. The completion of this study will thereby culminate in a well researched paper that will not only provide information that is highly valid; but which also depicts high accuracy levels and thus useful for drawing important conclusions for firms that wish to consider the outsourcing strategy.3.2 Research ApproachAn understanding of the research approach is important in determining the levels of accuracy that can be attained in any given research (Russell 2005). It is of critical importance that the research methodology employed by any research be reflective of its objectives. This is the main factor that was considered in seeking a survey approach. In this regard, this research will utilize the qualitative approach in obtaining relevant information to answer the research questions. The use of qualitative approach is applicable in this study because the research is mostly explorative; given that it seeks to determine the effect of HR outsourcing in banks during the economic downturn. As noted by Cohen, Manion and Morrison (2000, p. 18), qualitative research attempts explain the occurrence of phenomena through answering the what, why, how, where, and when of various occurrences to come up with conclusive findings. On the other hand, the quantitative approach seeks provide statistical representation of factors under study in order to establish relationships between variables. In this study, there is insignificant use of statistics and thus the quantitative approach is not necessary in the completion of the research.3.3 Research StrategiesThese refer to the research methods that ar e going to be utilized in collecting data to answer the research questions. In this regard, the research strategies should not only be effective in collecting data but they should also ensure that the information collected is authentic and applicable (Orcher, 2005, p. 87). Research strategies must be efficient in obtaining the desired information with minimal challenges and few chances of obtaining unreliable information. This study will utilize two main research strategies namely the survey method and case study method as discussed below:3.3.1 SurveyThe survey method refers to a descriptive, non-experimental method that is often used in collecting information on phenomena that are not directly observable. These may include opinions and experiences; mostly collected through questionnaires and interviews (Russell, 2005, p. 71). In this research, the main objective is to establish whether HR outsourcing had an impact on the financial performance of banks in the UK. This is a research that will involve both opinions and facts from the banks’ financial records. It is however notable that different opinions and descriptions of the HR outsourcing in the face of the economic downturn will be required hence the need to use the survey method. The research will utilize the survey method to obtain primary data for use in providing answers to the research questions. The survey which will be conducted in the form of a questionnaire will seek to determine the how HR outsourcing affected the performance of banks in the UK during the downturn.Surveys are often conducted in two forms: cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys. While cross-sectional surveys collect information based on a single time period, longitudinal studies span over long durations (Trochim William, 2001, p. 176). The survey to be used in this study can be described as cross-sectional, mostly because it will involve the study of a onetime occurrence (the economic downturn) in order to establish how the UK banks were affected by this unfortunate happening. It will only involve one survey in which the respondents involved will be required to answer the various questions regarding the HR outsourcing and bank financial performance.3.3.2 Case StudyThe case study method is considered highly useful due to its ability to provide practical illustration of phenomena and thus give a more clear explanation of factors under study (Yin, 2003, p. 13). It provides real life application of the subject under study and thus provides a clear representation of how specific phenomena occur.  A case study denotes an in-depth investigation in which a researcher studies events, groups, individuals, policies, institutions and projects among others in order to explore underlying principles and causations (Yin, 2003, p. 16). Case studies also refer to investigation in the real life context aimed at establishing the specific nature of phenomena and occurrence of events under study. Case studies can either be e xplanatory or descriptive and based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative evidence.This research will use Standard Chartered Bank in the UK as the case study to examine the impact of HR outsourcing on bank financial performance during the economic downturn. Standard Chartered Bank Plc in the United Kingdom has been in existence for 150 years and has therefore developed vehemently in terms of managerial expertise (Standard Chartered UK website). The bank which is headquartered at Basinghall Avenue, London is considered as one of the largest banks in the United Kingdom and among the top 20 FTSE companies (Standard Chartered UK website).The bank is home to numerous banking operations and has grown admirably to cover a wide client base all over Europe and beyond. As a large bank therefore, the bank seeks to reduce operational costs through outsourcing, including HR outsourcing. This works through delegating the HR function to expert companies and thus giving the bank an oppor tunity to concentrate on important aspects and functions of the bank. The Standard Chartered Bank will act as a perfect choice for a case study on the impact of HR outsourcing on the financial performance during the economic downturn. The case study will seek to identify how the bank survived following the economic downturn and whether the use of HR outsourcing had any impact on the financial performance of the organization. In this case study, the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing will be discussed with an objective of providing companies with information relevant to this strategy. The impact of outsourcing on financial performance will also be discussed and this information used to relate to the challenges faced during the economic downturn.3.4 Data Collection3.4.1 InstrumentsData collection instruments to be used for this study will be questionnaires. This will include formulation of a set of questions addressing various issues pertaining to the subject of the research; which respondents will be required to answer as indicated in the questionnaire.3.4.2 PopulationThe population that this research will focus on consists of banks in the United Kingdom. This population is particularly important because it will help to establish the challenges that banks were facing during the economic downturn. In addition to the information obtained from the managers from Standard Chartered Bank management, this population will help to establish the relevance of HR outsourcing and how this may affect the financial performance of a company. The sample to be selected is therefore a representative sample of the UK banks, which in this case symbolize the population. Six banks will be selected randomly across the large banks in the UK to act as the representative samples for the entire banking population. The information obtained from the six banks will be taken to represent the entire banking sector in the UK.3.4.3 SampleIn a bid to achieve the objectives of this study, a sample of 34 managers will be included in the survey. Among the managers selected, 10 of the managers to be interviewed will be from Standard Chartered Bank and will consist of managers from the executive, financial departments, operations departments and the HR departments. Apart from the 10 managers from Standard Chartered Bank to be included in the survey, the other 24 managers to be included in the study will be obtained from six (6) banks selected randomly among major banks in the UK. Three of these banks should not be outsourcing their HR while the other three should be outsourcing their HR. This will help to differentiate the impact of the economic downturn on banks in the UK, depending on whether they were outsourcing the HR services and how the financial performance of each was affected.3.4.4 Sampling methodsThis research will utilize convenience sampling to select the managers to participate in the survey. Alternatively referred to as opportunity sampling, convenience s ampling refers to a form of non-probability sampling in which the sample drawn is selected because it is either easily available or convenient to obtain the required information for the study (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 247). This method is highly useful where a certain specific sample in the population is capable of providing the information required for the research. In this study, the sample will be drawn from the mainstream managers because they are more capable of having information about the impact of HR outsourcing on financial performance. The executive, finance managers, HR managers and operations managers are in a better position to provide information on the costs incurred in their companies. Accordingly, they are best placed to provide the information required for this study as opposed to regular employees who may not have direct contact with the finances and operations of the company. The researcher will pick four managers from each of the 6 banks selected besides Standard Chartered bank. These will include the Chief Financial Officer, accounting manager, HR manager and Operations manager from each bank selected. Using probability sampling would thereby reduce the possibility of obtaining the desired data, hence the use of convenience sampling.3.5 Data Analysis  Data collection must be followed by analysis, interpretation and presentation.  Analysis of the data will take on a qualitative approach and will involve both descriptive and inferential analysis. The qualitative approach is highly applicable in this research because it mostly involves analysis of phenomena as they occur within the UK banks. The study explores how the banks involved were affected financially and the role of HR outsourcing in these banks. In reference to the qualitative approach, this research will apply the coding method for data analysis. This method is considerably effective for analyzing qualitative data, thus producing well refined results. Analyzing data using the codin g technique involves sorting data into segments containing related (Orcher, 2005, p. 209). For each segment, a ‘code’ is given, usually a word or short phrase to suggest what the findings in each segment represent. Upon completion of the coding process, the findings are summarized in a process that involves assessment of similarities, differences and relationships that exists among the findings.3.6 LimitationThe process of research is bound to be characterized by a considerable number of challenges and limitations, which the researcher should aim at coping with or eliminating to ensure successful research. These include difficulties and uncertainties that are likely to impact on this research including practical and ethical issues. To begin with, the banks are private institutions and getting internal information could thus be limited in the event that the management does not allow research within the organization (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 93). The respondents may also give inaccu rate information due to the fear of being victimized, malicious intentions or general disinterest in the exercise (Holliday, 2007, p. 238). Time constraints are also apparent, given that the time available for the study may not allow exhaustive research. Accordingly, extra effort will have to be exerted to complete the project on time. Financial limitations may also prove to be a challenge when conducting the research and therefore the researcher may need to seek alternative sources of finance (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 94).Most importantly, it can be hypothesized that the nature of banks in the UK is not necessarily the same and that the results obtained from the study may not be a true picture of what transpired in all the banks in the UK. The study makes the assumption that the results obtained from the sample population will represent the overall effect of the economic downturn on the financial performance of the banking industry. However, different banks not included in the study are likely to have had different experiences compared to their peers.3.7 QuestionnaireThe success of the research will to a significant extent depend on the effectiveness of the questionnaire in collecting relevant information to aid in meeting the objectives of the study. Accordingly, the questionnaire design should be formulated in such a way that it is easy to understand and at the same time focuses on obtaining answers to the main inquiry of the research (Russell, 2005, p. 278). The following considerations will be made during construction of the questionnaire:Readability: While the target population will mostly constitute of professionals with knowledge on the technical language used in business, the language used will be made as simple as possible so as to facilitate easy understanding and hence assure accurate results (Wilson et al, 1994, p. 33).Time: The respondents for this study are extremely busy professionals and therefore have little free time to spare in responding to the survey (Trochim William 2001, p. 281). Accordingly, only pertinent issues will be included in the questionnaire. This will reduce the input of respondents and therefore play a role in ensuring high response rates.Structure: The internal structure including the length and interaction between items in the questionnaire are expected to affect the response rate vehemently (Wilson et al, 1994, p. 32). In this regard, the questions will be constructed as simply as possible while keeping up with professional standards of research.Privacy: Privacy is considered to be of great importance because it affects the openness with which the respondents will answer the research questions (Trochim William 2001, p. 281). In this regard, the need for personal information will be completely avoided in the questionnaires so as to allow respondents to freely express their viewpoints.

Affirmative Action An Controversial Government Policy

Temple Duarte Affirmative action has become one of the most controversial government policies in modern history. Especially in college admissions, affirmative action requires the use of quotas, which results in recruiting members of an underrepresented group rather than the most qualified for the job or university. Is affirmative action really the best solution to making sure minorities are gaining the educational opportunities they need? In its original form, Affirmative Action was designed to allow underrepresented minorities compete in fields they were long not considered to participate in. Racial inequality in the United States, especially in the former Confederate South, remained entrenched in law for nearly a hundred years after the end of the Civil War. Discrimination against black Americans and other ethnic groups denied them the chance to be as successful as whites, and led to widespread poverty. The words â€Å"affirmative action† were first pronounced by President Lyndon Johnson ’s Executive Order 11246 of 1965, which requires federal contractors to â€Å"take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin† (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia). In 1967, Johnson expanded the Executive Order to include affirmative action requirements to benefit women and in 1972 affirmative action was implemented for college admissions. Initially, affirmativeShow MoreRelatedEssay on Affirmative Action Policies912 Words   |  4 PagesThe past few days the human resources department has been discussing the importance of implementing an affirmative action policy to assist in assuring that the company complies with equal employment opportunity laws. The department has decided that the best action is to contact the members of the board of directors. The Federal Government has passed several laws to prevent employment discrimination, and not complying with these laws can cause serious consequences. The purpose of equal employmentRead MoreFormation of Public Policy Final Paper605 Words   |  3 PagesThe government is in charge of operating the most diverse nation in the world while trying to take the best interests of as many people as possible. Controversy is unavoidable in a country with diversity among races, ethnicities, and political feelings. Public policy is not exempt from controversial legislation. Chapters 10 and 13 thoroughly discuss the issues of legal and social equality as well as policy relating to private morality. The formation of public policy relating to private moralityRead MoreAffirmative Action Programs Should Be Legal1320 Words   |  6 Pagesto our textbook, institutions or organizations involves with affirmative action programs in order to improve opportunities or provide compensations for individuals that belong to omitted groups in the U.S history. While affirmative action programs are prevalent in a numerous of fields, employment and education are the two most active fields that focus on the affirmative action. In many associations and other cases, the affirmative action can be considered as a series of privileged programs. TheseRead More Affirmative Action - We Should Not Forget Americas Racist Past1486 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative Action - We Should Not Forget Americas Racist Past Affirmative Action has become of the most controversial social policy issues to be discussed in recent years. It is controversial because it challenges fundamental American beliefs. As Seymour Martin Lipset put it: Affirmative Action policies have forced a sharp confrontation between two core American values: equality and individualism.(Dudley7) This values oriented approach, which pervades popular discussion and derives fromRead MoreAffirmative Action Necessary or Unnecessary? Essay1000 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative Action was centered around 1961 because women and minorities were being discriminated against. By definition, affirmative action is â€Å"the encouragement of increased representation of women and minority-group members, especially in employment† (Dictionary.com). The main controversy of affirmative action is whether or not it is still necessary, and if it should be abolished all together. It was originally intended to benefit cultural groups that were thou ght to suffer from discriminationRead MoreAn Ethical Dilemma: Affirmative Action, Do We Still Need It?1706 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Dilemma: Affirmative Action, Do We Still Need It? An Ethical Dilemma: Affirmative Action, Do We Still Need It? Abstract This paper discusses the importance of affirmative action in today’s society and the ethical role it plays when Employers and Universities are considering entry to their respected places of establishment. The paper will conclude with what America will face in the future in terms of affirmative action. An Ethical Dilemma: Affirmative Action, Do We Still NeedRead MoreEssay on We Still Need Affirmative Action512 Words   |  3 Pagesequality of opportunity through nondiscrimination alone to affirmative action to establish ‘goals and timetables’ to achieve absolute equality between blacks and whites† (Dye 253). These goals and timetables were cemented with Executive Order No. 11246, issued by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965. This order is commonly referred to as the foundation for modern-day affirmative action programs. 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Title VII of the Civil Rights Act expressly prohibits discrimination in hiring, firing, promotion, pay, benefits and other aspects of employment based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin (U.S. Department of Labor, 2012). This law was seen as a major boon to minorities and women in the workforce whoRead Moreaffirmative action1695 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Abstract What is affirmative action? Affirmative action is an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, esp. in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination. In the 1940s: President Roosevelt signed an order making discrimination illegal in defense contracting. 1954: The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that separate but equal facilities on the basis of race were unconstitutionally discriminatory. The Act of 1964: Congress

The Relationship Between The Colonies And England

Throughout history, America has fought plenty of wars, internal and external. From war with other countries to wars fought with each other. These wars were fought for freedom, equality, hope and for a voice that should be heard, but those things cannot be obtained easily. Americans declared war against England to prove a point, to get the message across that they can survive on their own and that they can even surpass their mother country, which they did when they were victorious on both occasions. The relationship between the colonies and England was already tense by the time the wars started. The Americans were tired of being ignored and treated as unequal. They did not like how other countries still had so much control over the land that they occupy and how taxes were enforced on them by the same people. Their lives were basically all about making money for their mother country. Make money, send it back home, and listen to the rules that were placed upon you by someone that is not even physically there. The Americans declared two wars against England because they wanted to expand and take over the land that they have been living on for a while now and have free range to do business with whoever and wherever they wanted. They knew that they could win these wars because Britain wanted a short war because they were so expensive. These wars were a good idea because it got the point across to other countries to leave the land and helped America build a stronger reputation.Show MoreRelatedDifferences between British Colonies in America Essay1240 Words   |  5 Pagesof the British colonies in the new world were all the same. This is not the case though. The colonies, although they were all British they had some similarities but mainly they had differences. 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Restlessness took form in the French and Indian war, where French land in North America was fought over. When the war ended, the French land was ceded over to England and Spain, which resulted in serious alterations in the relationship between Britain and the American colonies. The French and Indian war changed the characteristics ofRead MoreThe English Colonization And Settlement Essay1113 Words   |  5 PagesWorld (North America) that would eventually end up with thirteen colonies for the English. How did the English colonization and settlement in the Chesapeake and southern colonies differ from that in New England? What factors motivated people to settle in the different regions? What effect did the English Protestant Reformation in the mid-1500s have on the desire of Englishmen to migrate to the New World? [Hint: the New England colonies.] How did the desire for freedom of worship (religious freedom)Read MoreCompare and Contrast He American and British Views Regarding the French and Indian War.604 Words   |  3 PagesThe French and Indian War, was a war fought between France and Britain. The war was the product of an imperial struggle, a clash between the French and English over colonial territory and wealth. Great Britain claimed that the French provoked war by building forts along the Ohio River Valley. Virginia’s governor sent a militia to the French and Native American allies. 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Research Critique of Benefits of Systematic Phonics Instruction Free Essays

The purpose of this study or major research question â€Å"was to find if children taught with systematic phonics programs outperformed children in nonsystematic phonics or non phonics programs. † (Graaff, Bosman, Hasselman, Verhoeven, 2009) The authors do list a major research question, but the problem statement was not as clear as it could have been. The reader has to read in depth of the entire article to really bring conclusion to what is being researched. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Critique of Benefits of Systematic Phonics Instruction or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is not very defined with clarity, but you are able to figure out what is being researched and tested. The problem is significant and relevant because the researchers are looking at two approaches using a control group of children enrolling them in five types of programs: Basal reading programs, regular curriculum, whole language, whole word, and miscellaneous programs. In whole language approaches, it is believed that children will learn language (oral and written) best if it is learned for authentic purposes (Stahl, 1999). The author states the computer-based experiment permitted us to compare the differences and effectiveness of a systematic and a nonsystematic phonics approach, because in both programs the same 10 grapheme-phoneme correspondences were taught. Hypothesis The authors open their article with, â€Å"systematic phonics instruction appears to be more effective than non systematic instruction for teaching reading. † (Graaff, Bosman, Hasselman, Verhoeven, 2009) In the present study, a systematic phonics approach was directly compared with a non-systematic phonics approach for kindergarten children. Feature Article  Country School  Allen Curnow The authors clearly state what they feel will happen in their research but do not go into much detail other than one or two reviews from other authors of why they support the research in the pre testing of it the way that they do. The author explains on the measures of phonemic awareness, spelling, and reading, the systematic phonics group made more progress than the nonsystematic phonics group and the control group. Results The results of the test in the productive letter sound test at pretest were . 13. The performance showed to be no difference between the two training conditions in this section. The free sound isolation test at pretest was 0. The performance on the free sound- isolation test of children in both the unsystematic phonics training and in the control condition was found to have no difference. The measurement of the Reading Test found no difference between the phonics training and the same measure and outcome was found with the spelling test. The results of the testing procedures were hard to read and understand. The process used by Intra Class Correlation was the measurement used at the pretest. It never discusses the ICC during the posttest. Whether the ICC was used it never refers to it after the pretest discussion. How to cite Research Critique of Benefits of Systematic Phonics Instruction, Essays

Trifles By Susan Glaspell Essay Example For Students

Trifles By Susan Glaspell Essay Steven FiorilloThe thesis of this paper is to prove that the title of Susan Glaspells play Trifles represents how men considered womens duties and their opinions to be of little importance compared to a mans role in society. The dictionary defines the word trifle as something of little importance or value, or to deal with something as if it were of little significance or value (The American Heritage Dictionary). The play opens in Minnie Wrights kitchen. Minnies husband has been murdered, he was found strangled with a rope around his neck. The County Attorney, the Sheriff, his wife and a few neighbors are there. The Sheriff, the attorney and the men set up the task of investigating the murder. The women, however, are concerned with the appearance of the house, especially the kitchen. The word trifle is used once in the play to indicate how the men think of what the women. are doing in the kitchen while the men are trying to solve the murder. The women were in the kitchen discussing the fact that Minnie was concerned about her fruit preserves. The County Attorney makes the statement:I guess before were through she may have something more serious than preserves to worry about. We will write a custom essay on Trifles By Susan Glaspell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Mr. Hale responds with:Well, women are used to worrying over trifles.Because the women were concerned with cleaning and tidying the kitchen, which men considered trifle, the men overlooked that area and went out to find some real clues. However, the real clue to solving the murder was found in the kitchen. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters find a birdcage in the kitchen cupboard. They discuss the fact that Minnie must have had a bird at one time, but do not connect it with the murder at first. This is an example of how the men considered what the women were doing of no importance.Mrs. Wright had requested a few things from the house, her apron, shawl and some clothes. While the women were gathering these things, they came across her quilting and were discussing whether or not they thought Mrs. Wright was going to keep on quilting or knot the quilt and finish it. The men came downstairs and laughed at the women. The Sheriff said, They wonder if she was going to quilt it or just knot it!Mrs. Hale said,I dont know as theres anything so strange, our takin up our time with little things while were waiting for them to get the evidence. I dont see as its anything to laugh about. This is another example of how what the women were doing was considered trifle, of no importance to the investigation. However, as the women were looking for patches to fix the quilt, they came across a dead canary wrapped in a piece of silk. The canarys neck had been broken. The County Attorney came in and saw the birdcage and asked Has the bird flown? The women told him that they thought the cat had gotten it. The women were starting to put the facts together. The women connected the fact that Mr. Wright had killed the canary by breaking his neck, and in turn Mrs. Wright killed her husband by strangling him with a rope. The men completely missed the point because what the women were doing had no significance to the investigation. They were more interested if anyone came in through the windows. The County Attorney said to the Sheriff,No sign at all of anyone having come from the outside. Their own rope. Now Lets go up again and go over it piece by piece.The word trifle had more than one meaning in this play. The womens duties were considered trifle, to be insignificant. .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9 , .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9 .postImageUrl , .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9 , .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9:hover , .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9:visited , .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9:active { border:0!important; } .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9:active , .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9 .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u10419b4d84a345d35cf207d2a692edc9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Camila is an Argentinean film set in the mid 19th Essay As a result the men never found the clues necessary to solve the case. In addition, Mrs. Wrights life was also considered to be trifle, she had no children, and did not participate in any community activities. The title of the play adds to our understanding of the plays characters and theme by showing that the birdcage also represented something trifle to the investigation. The men did not consider this a clue, but the women realized that Mrs. Wright was caged in her marriage to Mr. Wright, just as the bird had been caged. When Mr. Wright strangled the canary, Mrs. Wright had to make a choice of either staying caged in her marriage, or end her marriage by killing her husband. While the men did not consider the birdcage important, they also missed the fact that the birdcage represented Mrs. Wrights life Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay Example For Students Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay Steven Fiorillo The thesis of this paper is to prove that the title of Susan Glaspells play Trifles represents how men considered womens duties and their opinions to be of little importance compared to a mans role in society. The dictionary defines the word trifle as something of little importance or value, or to deal with something as if it were of little significance or value (The American Heritage Dictionary). We will write a custom essay on Trifles by Susan Glaspell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The play opens in Minnie Wrights kitchen. Minnies husband has been murdered, he was found strangled with a rope around his neck. The County Attorney, the Sheriff, his wife and a few neighbors are there. The Sheriff, the attorney and the men set up the task of investigating the murder. The women, however, are concerned with the appearance of the house, especially the kitchen. The word trifle is used once in the play to indicate how the men think of what the women. are doing in the kitchen while the men are trying to solve the murder. The women were in the kitchen discussing the fact that Minnie was concerned about her fruit preserves. The County Attorney makes the statement: I guess before were through she may have something more serious than preserves to worry about. Mr. Hale responds with: Well, women are used to worrying over trifles. Because the women were concerned with cleaning and tidying the kitchen, which men considered trifle, the men overlooked that area and went out to find some real clues. However, the real clue to solving the murder was found in the kitchen. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters find a birdcage in the kitchen cupboard. They discuss the fact that Minnie must have had a bird at one time, but do not connect it with the murder at first. This is an example of how the men considered what the women were doing of no importance. Mrs. Wright had requested a few things from the house, her apron, shawl and some clothes. While the women were gathering these things, they came across her quilting and were discussing whether or not they thought Mrs. Wright was going to keep on quilting or knot the quilt and finish it. The men came downstairs and laughed at the women. The Sheriff said, They wonder if she was going to quilt it or just knot it! Mrs. Hale said, I dont know as theres anything so strange, our takin up our time with little things while were waiting for them to get the evidence. I dont see as its anything to laugh about. This is another example of how what the women were doing was considered trifle, of no importance to the investigation. However, as the women were looking for patches to fix the quilt, they came across a dead canary wrapped in a piece of silk. The canarys neck had been broken. The County Attorney came in and saw the birdcage and asked Has the bird flown? The women told him that they thought the cat had gotten it. The women were starting to put the facts together. The women connected the fact that Mr. Wright had killed the canary by breaking his neck, and in turn Mrs. Wright killed her husband by strangling him with a rope. The men completely missed the point because what the women were doing had no significance to the investigation. They were more interested if anyone came in through the windows. The County Attorney said to the Sheriff, No sign at all of anyone having come from the outside. Their own rope. Now Lets go up again and go over it piece by piece. .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c , .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c .postImageUrl , .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c , .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c:hover , .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c:visited , .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c:active { border:0!important; } .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c:active , .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2b632b094316c662fe8e8efb06a3ca4c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: All-American Boy Essay The word trifle had more than one meaning in this play. The womens duties were considered trifle, to be insignificant. As a result the men never found the clues necessary to solve the case. In addition, Mrs. Wrights life was also considered to be trifle, she had no children, and did not participate in any community activities. The title of the play adds to our understanding of the plays characters and theme by showing that the birdcage also represented something trifle to the investigation. The men did not consider this a clue, but the women realized that Mrs. Wright was caged in her . Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay Example For Students Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay Steven Fiorillo The thesis of this paper is to prove that the title of Susan Glaspells play Trifles represents how men considered womens duties and their opinions to be of little importance compared to a mans role in society. The dictionary defines the word trifle as something of little importance or value, or to deal with something as if it were of little significance or value (The American Heritage Dictionary). We will write a custom essay on Trifles by Susan Glaspell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The play opens in Minnie Wrights kitchen. Minnies husband has been murdered, he was found strangled with a rope around his neck. The County Attorney, the Sheriff, his wife and a few neighbors are there. The Sheriff, the attorney and the men set up the task of investigating the murder. The women, however, are concerned with the appearance of the house, especially the kitchen. The word trifle is used once in the play to indicate how the men think of what the women. are doing in the kitchen while the men are trying to solve the murder. The women were in the kitchen discussing the fact that Minnie was concerned about her fruit preserves. The County Attorney makes the statement: I guess before were through she may have something more serious than preserves to worry about. Mr. Hale responds with: Well, women are used to worrying over trifles. Because the women were concerned with cleaning and tidying the kitchen, which men considered trifle, the men overlooked that area and went out to find some real clues. However, the real clue to solving the murder was found in the kitchen. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters find a birdcage in the kitchen cupboard. They discuss the fact that Minnie must have had a bird at one time, but do not connect it with the murder at first. This is an example of how the men considered what the women were doing of no importance. Mrs. Wright had requested a few things from the house, her apron, shawl and some clothes. While the women were gathering these things, they came across her quilting and were discussing whether or not they thought Mrs. Wright was going to keep on quilting or knot the quilt and finish it. The men came downstairs and laughed at the women. The Sheriff said, They wonder if she was going to quilt it or just knot it! Mrs. Hale said, I dont know as theres anything so strange, our takin up our time with little things while were waiting for them to get the evidence. I dont see as its anything to laugh about. This is another example of how what the women were doing was considered trifle, of no importance to the investigation. However, as the women were looking for patches to fix the quilt, they came across a dead canary wrapped in a piece of silk. The canarys neck had been broken. The County Attorney came in and saw the birdcage and asked Has the bird flown? The women told him that they thought the cat had gotten it. The women were starting to put the facts together. The women connected the fact that Mr. Wright had killed the canary by breaking his neck, and in turn Mrs. Wright killed her husband by strangling him with a rope. The men completely missed the point because what the women were doing had no significance to the investigation. They were more interested if anyone came in through the windows. The County Attorney said to the Sheriff, No sign at all of anyone having come from the outside. Their own rope. Now Lets go up again and go over it piece by piece. .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7 , .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7 .postImageUrl , .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7 , .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7:hover , .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7:visited , .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7:active { border:0!important; } .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7:active , .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7 .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c4b63ad351731c7ca18e9811a6af4b7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Avoidant Personality Disorder Essay The word trifle had more than one meaning in this play. The womens duties were considered trifle, to be insignificant. As a result the men never found the clues necessary to solve the case. In addition, Mrs. Wrights life was also considered to be trifle, she had no children, and did not participate in any community activities. The title of the play adds to our understanding of the plays characters and theme by showing that the birdcage also represented something trifle to the investigation. The men did not consider this a clue, but the women realized that Mrs. Wright was caged in . Trifles By Susan Glaspell Essay Example For Students Trifles By Susan Glaspell Essay Trifles was written in the early 1900s by Susan Glaspell. This occurred far before the womens movement. Women were generally looked upon as possessions to their husbands. Their children, all wages, and belongings were property of their husbands. In Glaspells story it is easily depicted as to what role the men and women portrayed in society at this time. Glaspell proves her point by a conversation between two women in this story. The women, Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale, are at the scene of the murder of John Wright. The women accompanied the County Attorney, the Sheriff, and Mr. Hale to the house. Mr. Hale describes everything that he saw the morning he discovered Mr. Wrights body. The men have come to the house looking for evidence to convict Mrs. Wright. While the men are looking the house over for evidence, they grasp a different image than the women. We will write a custom essay on Trifles By Susan Glaspell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The men viewed the house as inadequately taken care of due to broken jars of preserves or discovering dirty towels. All the men notice is clutter. The men do not look deeper behind the meanings of this disarray. However, the women do. The women understand that the reason that things such as the towels are not clean is because she more than likely was busy doing her many other chores of the household. They also considered how much trouble Mrs. Wright went to fix the preserves. The women reason that the uncaring concern John had for Minnie and the attention he paid to the house perhaps forced Minnie to resort to killing. Even the County Attorney, Sheriff, and Mr. Hale could not understand all the difficulties women go through. They criticize Mrs. Wright as well as insult all women. Mr. Hale says, Well, women are used to worrying over trifles. The actions of just these men show how women were taken for granted in this era. Inevitably, the men are unable to prove that Mrs. Wright murdered her husband but are going to convict her anyway. However, the women have solved the case. They come to the conclusion that Mrs. Wright was not treated very well by her husband and was not able to withstand the mistreatment anymore. They could tell the lack of attention he paid to his wife. The men still have a hard time accepting this concept because they do not believe that men treat women badly. The title, Trifles, as well as the examples all represent how men view women. A trifle is something of little importance. This story was used not only to show how men perceived women but was also used to foreshadow that there will not be an absolute tyranny by men permanently. Women would not stand to be abused much longer. .

Research Paper Fusarium Wilt on Abaca Essays

Research Paper Fusarium Wilt on Abaca Essays Research Paper Fusarium Wilt on Abaca Paper Research Paper Fusarium Wilt on Abaca Paper 1995). The early symptoms of this disease include rusty brown streaks in the leaves which later turn blighted and water soaked and finally wilting of the whole plant. The internal symptoms are the vascular discoloration, water soaking and finally the rotting of pseudo- stem. Fusarium wilt and bacterial wilt may occur singly or together as a complex in the field and had contributed much to the devastation of abaca in major growing areas in the Philippines. Host plant resistance is the most effective means of controlling wilt diseases. But the development of a resistant plant however takes time, effort and many resources. Resistance in plants however can be induced using chemical and biological elicitors. Several studies have shown that certain chemicals can induce the resistance of plants and some of which are boost and salicylic acid. Boost is a novel synthetic chemical, benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-8-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) was intially shown to induce acquired resistance in wheat (Gorlach, et al, 1996) and which is produced by Novartis and distributed in the Philippines by Syngenta. Aspirin or acetyl salicylic acid was also found to induce resistance in some plants (Gleason, 1999; Owen, 1996). Salicylic acid (SA) has been reported to be elevated on plants that exhibit SAR for example in cucumber (Metraux, et al, 1990), tobacco (Malamy, et al, 1990), and Arabidopsis (Uknes, et al, 1993). There are evidences that suggest that SA plays an important role in the transduction pathway leading to SAR. Recent studies however indicate that SA is not likely to be the systematically transmitted signal (Vernooij, et al, 1994). ] There are also biotic elicitors that have been reported to elicit resistance in plants which includes chitin and chitosan. Chitin is a safe material and was reported to induce resistance against soil-borne diseases ((Kuchitsu, et al, 1993). Moreover, chitin was reported to be used as soil fertilizer. Chitosan which can be extracted from chitin has anti-fungal activity against many plant pathogens (Herano, et al, 1990; El-mougy, et al, 2002). Moreover, chitosan is also reported to induce resistance against soil-borne fungi. Chitosan was also found to have anti-bacterial property and is capable of inducing resistance to the bacterial blight disease of rice cause Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Modina, 2007). Boost is a novel synthetic chemical, benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-8-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) was intially shown to induce acquired resistance in wheat (Gorlach, et al, 1996) and which is produced by Novartis and distributed in the Philippines by Syngenta. Aspirin or acetyl salicylic acid was also found to induce resistance in some plants (Gleason, 1999; Owen, 1996). Salicylic acid (SA) has been reported to be elevated on plants that exhibit SAR for example in cucumber (Metraux, et al, 1990), tobacco (Malamy, et al, 1990), and Arabidopsis (Uknes, et al, 1993). There are evidences that suggest that SA lays an important role in the transduction pathway leading to SAR. Recent studies however indicate that SA is not likely to be the systematically transmitted signal (Vernooij, et al, 1994). ] This study therefore aimed to compare and contrast the efficacy of suspected elicitors of resistance in controlling the wilt disease complex in abaca. The efficacy of potential biological a nd chemical elicitors of systemic acquired resistance to control wilt disease complex of abaca caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and Ralstonia solanacearum was also evaluated. METHODOLOGY Preparation and Sterilization of Culture Media Potato dextrose agar (PDA) for the culture of FOC was prepared by dissolving 39 grams dehydrated PDA to 1 liter dH2O in a double boiler and cooked until the agar dissolves in H2O. It was dispensed to 250 ml Erlenmeyer Flasks and test tubes. Nutrient agar for the culture of Ralstonia solanacearum was prepared by dissolving 3g beef extract, 5 grams peptone and 17g agar to 1 liter dH2O in a double boiler and cooked until agar dissolves in H2O. It was dispensed to 250 Erlenmeyer Flasks and test tubes. The media were sterilized in a pressure cooker at 15 lbs/in2 pressure or 121 °C temperature for 15 minutes. Sterile media were allowed to cool. PDA and NA in tubes were slanted and stored in the refrigerator until use. Collection, Isolation and Culture of FOC Isolation plates were prepared by melting the stored PDA in flasks, pouring into sterile Petri plates and allowed to solidify. Fusarium wilt– infected abaca was collected from the National Abaca Research Center and it was brought to the Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory for isolation of the pathogen. Infected tissues from the advancing portion of the disease were disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite and were planted onto solidified PDA in plates (4 sections per plate). After 2 or more days, mycelia that have radiated from the planted abaca tissue were cut aseptically using flamed sterilized flattened needle and were transferred to PDA slants where they were stored and maintained until use. Collection, Isolation and Culture of Ralstonia solanacearum Nutrient agar in flasks were melted and aseptically poured to Petri plates. The medium were allowed to solidify. The bacterial wilt pathogen, R. solanacaerum was isolated from a banana fruit infected with â€Å"Bugtok† disease. Infected tissues from the advancing portion of the disease were cut, disinfected with 1% hypochlorite and reused with sterile H20. The sections were then placed in sterile water in a test tube and allowed to stand for 10 minutes to allow the bacteria to ooze out of the tissue. A loopful of the resulting bacterial suspension was streaked onto the solidified NA on plates and incubated. After 2 days individual colonies were picked with sterile wire loop and transferred to NA slants to purify. The cultures were incubated for 2 days and stored in the refrigerator for future use. Procurement and Preparation of Test Plants Four weeks old tissue cultured abaca plantlets were procured from National Abaca Research Center (NARC). They were maintained in the vicinity of the Department of Pest Management and were given necessary care and maintenance such as watering, weeding, and fertilization. The plants were numbered and tagged according to the desired treatments. In numbering and tagging the plants, we gave them equal chances in belonging to a group. We did this through the drawn by lot method. Thus, we have used the technique randomization in giving names to the plants. Preparation and Application of Treatments The plants were sprayed with the different treatments (Fig. 1) at 15 days interval starting when the plants were 6 weeks old. Treatments| Illustration| T0 (Water)| | T1 (Fomes at 100ppm)| | T2 (Attenuated Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae)| | T3 (Aspirin or Acetyl Salicylic Acid at 100ppm)| | T4 (Boost at 100ppm)| | T5 (Nordox at 100ppm)| | Fig. 1. The different treatments used Fomes was prepared by oven drying (50? C for 3 days) and by pulverizing using mortar and pestle. After pulverizing, 0. 75g was obtained and was mixed with 750ml H20 to make a 100 ppm suspension. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) was prepared by transferring an isolate of Xoo (courtesy of PDDL at VSU) in NA slants 2 days before its scheduled time of application. On the application time, 10ml sterile H20 was poured on the test tube slants and the bacteria were scraped using a wire loop without causing damage to the medium. Ten slants were used and the solution was diluted into a beaker to make 100 ml suspension. An approximately 650 ml H20 was added to have a total of 750 ml suspension. The suspension was heated for 5 minutes to attenuate the bacterium. Aspirin or Acetyl Salicylic Acid was prepared by making a stock solution. A tablet of aspirin was diluted to 1L H20 to make a 300 ppm suspension. Then, a volume of 37. 5ml was measured out from the stock and was added to 712. ml H20 to make a 100 ppm suspension. Boost was obtained from Syngenta Philippines. Two ml Boost was diluted and mixed to 1998 ml H20 to make a 2000 ppm suspension. A volume of 37. 5 ml was obtained out from the stock and was added to 712. 5 ml H20 to make a 100 ppm suspension. Nordox, copper-based fungicide with bactericidal activity was used as the positive check at the manufacturer’s recommended rate. It was prepared by weighing 1. 9g of Nordox and by mixing it thoroughly to 750 ml H2O. After preparing, the treatments were sprayed to the plants using a sprayit gun powered by an electric compressor starting from Water down to Nordox. Each plant equally received 50ml of the said treatments (Fig. 2). The experiment was laid in a Completely Randomized Design. The six treatments were replicated 3 times and 5 plantlets constituted one replicate making a total of 90 plantlets needed for the experiment. Two consecutive spray applications of the treatments at 15 days interval were done before pathogen inoculation and sprayings were done until the last disease scoring. Fig. 2 Application of treatments to the plants Preparation of FOC Inoculum The pure cultures were first examined under the microscope to confirm the presence of real FOC pathogen (Fig. ) before they were mass cultured for inoculation. FOC that was used for inoculation to test plants was cultured and mass produced in corn meal-sand medium (CMS) which was prepared by mixing 1 part ground corn every 20 parts of sand. The mixture was placed in glass jars about 2/3 full and moistened and covered with aluminum foil then bound with rubber band at rim (Fig 4). They were sterilized at 15 lbs/in2 pressure and 121 °C temperature for 1 hour. Pure culture of FOC from the PDA slant were aseptically seeded into the prepared CMS medium and incubated at room temperature until completely colonized by the fungus. Fig 3. Photomicrograph of FOC macroconidia and microconidia Fig 4. Corn meal-sand medium with FOC Inoculation of FOC CMS cultures of FOC were first mixed thoroughly on a tray to assure even distribution of the fungal spores to the CMS medium before inoculation. FOC was inoculated into the soil of each potted plant by incorporating 1 tbsp of the inoculum near the base of the abaca plantlet and covering the inoculum with soil. Inoculation was done 2 days after the second spraying of the different treatments. Preparation of Ralstonia solanacearum, the bacterial wilt pathogen Bacterial wilt pathogen was transferred to fresh NA slants. Two days after the isolation, each NA culture was mixed with 10ml dH2O and the pathogen was scraped using a wire loop without causing damage to the medium. Overall, 120ml of the bacterial suspension was used. One ml was injected to the stem of each plant. Bacterial Inoculation was done 12 days after FOC inoculation. Data Gathered The following data were gathered: A. Initial and Final Plant Height – This was gathered per plant basis before the application of treatments and inoculation of the pathogen and during the termination of the study. B. Percent infection – (No. of plants showing foliage yellowing or wilting / Total No. of plants) x 100 starting 1 week after inoculation and weekly until most of the plants have died in any of the treatments. C. Visual Disease Severity Rating – This was gathered using a devised scale below: We gathered this data at 1 week interval until the termination of the study. Rating| Description| 0| No wilting| 1| Slight yellowing of lower leaves| 2| Yellowing of most leaves but no dried leaves yet| 3| Extensive yellowing and moderate wilting| 4| Extensive wilting but plant still alive| | Plant totally dead| D. Percent Area of Vascular Discoloration – This was taken during the termination of the study wherein all the plants were uprooted and the pseudostems were sliced longitudinally (Fig 5). Each plant was rated using the following scale (Borines et al. 2007) Rating | Description| 0-1| No discoloration| 1-2| Isolated points of vascular discoloration| 2. 1-3| Discoloratio n up to 1/3 of vascular tissue| 3. 1-4| Discoloration between 1/3 – 2/3 of vascular tissue| 4. 1-5| Discoloration greater than 2/3 of vascular tissue| 5. -6| Total discoloration of vascular tissue| Fig. 5 Slicing of pseudostem longitudinally E. No. of surviving plants per replicate per treatment. (Gathered at the termination of the experiment. ) Data gathered were analyzed using simple CRD with three replications. Treatments were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Tests (DMRT). 9) Disposal of Inoculated Plants After the experiment, the inoculated plants were exposed to direct sunlight and burned when dried. RESULTS and DISCUSSION Table 1 shows the percent infected plants at 14, 21, and 28 days after inoculation. Based on the results, Boost produced significantly lower percentage infected plants compared to the control especially at 14 days after inoculation. At 21 and 28 days after inoculation, Boost still produced lower disease incidence although not statistically different from the control. Fomes, Boost and Nordox also showed lesser disease incidence values although not significantly different from the control. Table 1. Percent infected plants at 14, 21 and 28 days after inoculation Treatment| Percent Infected Plants| Days After Inoculation| 14 days| 21 days| 28 days| T0 (Control)| 73. 3 ab| 93. 33| 100| T1 (Fomes)| 66. 67 ab| 73. 33| 73. 33| T2 (Xoo)| 100. 00 a| 100. 00| 100| T3 (Aspirin)| 73. 33 ab| 100. 00| 100| T4 (Boost)| 26. 67 c| 60. 00| 80| T5 (Nordox)| 53. 33 bc| 66. 67| 83. 33| CV(%)| 26. 91| 26. 27| 21. 60| Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT. Another parameter used to measure the effect of the treatments was the mean disease severity rat ing per plant (Table 2). Based on this parameter, Boost, Nordox and Fomes have lower means of disease severity compared to the Control especially at 21 days after inoculation. Xoo and Acetyl Salicylic Acid on the other hand have significantly higher means compared to Water. Thus the two treatments have even triggered the increase in wilt disease severity ratings of the plants. Table 2. Mean wilt severity rating per plant as affected by the different treatments Treatment| Mean Disease Severity Rating| Days After Inoculation| 14 days| 21 days| 28 days| T0 (Control)| 0. 93 c| 2. 47 ab| 3. 13 ab| T1 (Fomes)| 0. 80 c| 1. 53 bc| 2. 27 b| T2 (Xoo)| 2. 87 a| 3. 45 a| 3. 92 ab| T3 (Aspirin. )| 2. 07 b| 3. 20 a| 4. 33 a| T4 (Boost)| 0. 40 c | 1. 27 c| 2. 3 b| T5 (Nordox)| 0. 73 c| 1. 07 c| 2. 47 b| CV (%)| 27. 6| 25. 7| 27. 6| Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT. The percent area of vascular discoloration per plant is shown in Table 3. This was gathered upon termination of the study. All plants were uprooted and the pseudostems were sliced longitudinally. This actually shows the internal manifestations of disease and effects of the treatments to the plants. Based on statistical analysis, Boost still consistently showed lesser percent area of vascular discoloration compared to Water (Fig. ) which further confirm its effectiveness in controlling the wilt disease complex. Fomes and Nordox also showed much lower percent area of vascular discoloration compared to control, Xoo and Aspirin. Table No. 3 Percent Area of Vascular Discoloration Treatment| Percent area of vascular discoloration| No. of Live Plants Remaining| T0 (Control)| 55. 27 ab| 3. 00 ab| T1 (Fomes)| 38. 47 b | 3. 33 ab| T2 (Xoo)| 79. 27 a| 2. 00 bc| T3 (Aspirin)| 80. 27 a| 1. 33 c| T4 (Boost)| 37. 67 b| 4. 00 a| T5 (Nordox)| 38. 47 ab| 3. 33 ab| CV (%)| 31. 37| 52. 18| Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT Fig. 6 Internal Vascular Discoloration of Plants (left-right) Control, Fomes, Xoo, Salicylic Acid, Boost, Nordox The number of live plants remaining was also gathered during the termination of the study and shown in Table 3. Boost, had the highest average number of remaining live plants followed by Fomes and Nordox. Aspirin had the lowest no. of live plants or highest mortality which was even higher than that of water (Fig. 8d, p. 24). The height of abaca plants is shown in Fig. 7. Based on the graph, the plants sprayed with Boost and Nordox have higher plant height compared to Conrol, Xoo, Fomes, and Aspirin. Among the parameters used to measure the effects of the different treatments, the mean disease severity rating on a per plant basis and mean percent area of vascular discoloration were able to differentiate more the effect of the different treatments and were considered more reliable compared to the rest of the parameters used. Fig. 7 Height of Abaca Plants at the start of the experiment, at 7, 14, 21 days and the final height before the termination of the study b c d ef Fig. 8. Group of abaca plants treated with a) water, b) Fomes, c) Xoo, d) Aspirin, e) Boost and f) Nordox. Boost is a commercially available elicitor of resistance in plants and it was found very effective in controlling the wilt disease complex in abaca. Boost, however is a little expensive, one spray cost P0. 65. Nordox is a commercial fungicide with bactericidal activity and it has als o reduced the wilt disease incidence and severity. This is a little cheaper (P0. 45) compared to Boost. A cost-effective control for the wilt disease complex was Fomes. It was able also to reduce disease incidence and severity. Although not as effective as Boost but, no cost has been incurred, except for the labor in gathering, drying and pulverizing. The use of Fomes as a biological elicitor of resistance in abaca to control wilt disease complex has been explored in this research. Most probably, being a fungus, the chitin in Fomes could be the elicitor of resistance. Kutchitsu et al (1993) reported that chitin induced resistance of plants. The active component of Fomes, that could elicit resistance in plants could be isolated in future research endeavor. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Boost (chemical elicitor) and Fomes (potential biological elicitor and Nordox (fungicide with bactericidal activity), were able to effectively control the fusarium wilt and bacterial wilt disease complex of abaca. Xoo and Aspirin were not able to control the disease but instead has aggravated the wilting of the plants. A follow-up study maybe conducted to re-evaluate the same elicitors for their effect on either fusarium wilt or bacterial wilt alone. Likewise, a study maybe conducted to further evaluate the potential of Fomes as biological elicitors of resistance to other diseases of abaca or to other plant diseases. Furthermore, several other indigenously occurring biological elicitors of resistance may be evaluated against the wilt diseases of abaca. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, we would like to extend our gratitude to all the people behind the success of this study. We would like to thank our adviser, Dr. Lucia Borines for sharing to us her knowledge, skills effort and even her time though with a hectic schedule. To Ms. Christine Advincula, Ms. Victoria Palermo and Ms. Robleyn Piamonte, thank you so much for patiently guiding and helping us everytime we need assistance especially when our adviser is on travel. Thank you also to Mr. George Valenzona, for the analysis of our data, and Mr. Marlon Tambis and Mr. Victor Calunangan for the computer assistance. In addition, our heartfelt thanks is extended to our loving parents who supported us in our financial needs and for enlightening our faith that we could be able to finish this research on time. No words indeed can express how much we owe you this success. REFERENCES 1) BASTASA, G. N. and A. A. BALIAD. 2005. Biological control of fusarium wilt of abaca (Fusarium oxysporum) with Trichoderma and Yeast. http://cropscience Philippines. blogspot. om/2006/032005-vol30-no-2-v30n02p01-02. html 2) BORINES, L. M. 2008. Efficacy of chemical activators of systemic acquired resistance for the control of bacterial blight and diseases of rice. Paper presented during the 2008 RD Regional Conference held at Baybayon ni Agalon, Albuera Leyte, June 17-18, 2008. 3) BORINES, L. M. SALAMAT, E. E. CARDINES, R. B. 2007. Reaction of abaca (Musa textiles Nee) access ions and varieties to Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. (E. F. Smith) Snyd. And Hanns. Annals of Tropical Research. Volume 29 (No. 1). 4) EL-MOUGY, N. S. , R. ABB-L-KAREEM and M. A. ABB-ALLA. 2002. Postharvest Diseases Control: Preventive Effect of Chitosan and Bioagents Against Green and Gray Moulds of Apple Fruits. Egypt. J. Phytopathol. , 30: 99-113. 5) FIDA. 2007. http://fida. da. gov. ph/Abaca6. html/ 6) GLEASON, M. 1999. Sick Plants take aspirin. extension. iastate. edu/newsrel/1999/jan99/jan9901. htm 7) GORLACH, J. , S. VOLRATH, G. KNAUF-BEITER, G. HENGY, and U, BECKHOVE, K. H. KOGEN M. OOSTENDORP, T. STAUB, E. WARD and H. KESSMANN. 1996. Benzothiadiazole, a novel class of inducers of systematic acquired resistance, activates gene expression and disease resistance in wheat. Plant Cell 8:629-643. 8) HERANO, S. , C. ITAKURA, H. SEINO, Y. AKIYAMA,I. NOTATA, N. KANBARA and N. KAWAKAMI. (1990). Chitosan as an Ingredient for Domestic Animal Feeds. J. Agric. Food Chem. , 38:1214-1217. 9) KUTCHITSU, K. , M. KIKUYAMA and N. SHIBUYA. 1993. N-acetylchito-oligosaccharides, Biotic Elicitor for Phytoalexin Production, Induced Transient Membrane Depolarization in Suspension-Cultured Rice Cells. Protoplasma. 174:79-81. 10) MALAMY, J. , CARR, J. P. , KLESSIG, D. F. , and RASKIN, I. (1990). Salicylic Acid: A Likely Endogenous Signal in the Resistance Response of Tobacco to Viral Infection. Science 250,1002-1004. 11) METRAUX, J. -P. , SIGNER, H. , RYALS, J. , WARD, E. , WYSS-BENZ, M. , GAUDIN. J. , RASCHDORF, K. , SCHMID, E. , BLUM, W. ,and INVERARDI, B. (1990). Increase in Salicylic Acid at the Onset of Systemic Acquired Resistance in Cucumber. Science 250, 1004-1006. 12) MODINA, IVY M. 2007. Antimicrobial Property of Chitosan and Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance for the control of Rice Bacterial Blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Swings et al. ). B. S. Thesis, Visayas State University, Visca, Baybay City, Leyte. 38pp. 13) OWEN, M. 1996. Plants feeling under Weather? Give them Aspirin Water. plantea. com/plant-aspirin. htm 14) UKNES, S. , WINTER, A. , DELANEY, T. , VERNOOIJ, B. , MORSE, A. , FRIEDRICH, L. , NYE, G. , POTTER, S. , WARD, E. , and RYALS, J. (1993). Biological Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 6,692-698. 15) VERNOOIJ. B. , FRIEDRICH, L. , MORSE, A. , REIST, R. , KOLDITZ-JAWHAR, R. , WARD, E. , UKNES, S. , KESSMANN, H. , and RYALS, J. (1994). Salicylic Acid is not the Translocated Signal Responsible for Inducing Systemic Acquired Resistance but is Required in Signal Transduction. Plant Cell 6,959-965. .

Free sample - First Crusade. translation missing

First Crusade. First CrusadeIntroduction â€Å"Since the period of Constantine, Christians from all works of life and every place had gone on pilgrimages to the Holy Land, Jerusalem. Even though Moslems had ruled Jerusalem since 638, Christians were still allowed to visit the city† (Runciman, 13). Runciman, (45) illustrates that, by the 11th century, Muslims adherence changed the situation. By the time the number and frequency of pilgrimages to the holy land went up, the Seljuk Turks took over control of Jerusalem and stopped pilgrimages activities. This acted angered all Christians and prompted the need for the crusade. This point in time Pope Urban inspired the people to fight and regain the holy land. I write this letter with both pride and humility. This is because as a Knight who survived and reached Jerusalem I give thanks to almighty God for the great protection He gave me during this dangerous period of crusade. The history of crusade is vividly clear in both my mind and soul. As night survivor I have mixed reaction on the happening during this trying periods in Christian calendar. This is because I dearly cherish the fact that I participated on the event and at the same survived. â€Å"The crusade was so much inevitable since in the 7th century the Muslims took control of the holy city, Jerusalem and in the 11th century they started to hassle and interfere with Christian pilgrims and teaching in the Jerusalem area† (Edgington, 39). To the Christians in Europe, Jerusalem was a heavenly city, the center of their existence and they did not take lightly to being pushed out. In this regard, Popes encouragement, religious indulgences, and promise of eternal merit provoked t housands of Christians in Europe to enroll in this inevitable holy military to fight for the cause and that why I was part of this event. The European involved so much because Israel is part of Europe and since Christianity has its strong base in Israel and Jerusalem is a holy city. In this regard, the interference of the Christians in Israel by the Muslim prompted the intervention of Christians from Europe. It was a scaring scene to witness since people killed each other like wild animals. A large group of Christians formed a small organized military which was called the Crusaders. They were out to recapture the Holy land from the Muslims, and dedicated their lives to this. They were identified by red cloth that was sewn on their garments in the form of a cross. This showed that crusaders were the soldiers of Christ. The name crusaders was derived from the Latin word crux meaning cross and form the basis why Christians always carry a cross (Runciman, 1951, p.39). The Crusaders action and commitment was purely based on strong Christian beliefs more than any reasons (Runciman, 1951, p.24). The Crusaders on the other hand resurrected an older tradition of the pilgrimage to the Holy Land, which was often imposed as a reconciliation of ones-self. They assumed two roles: pilgrims and soldiers. â€Å"Armed pilgrims would normally not be accepted, but in this case they were, because they were fighting for the Christian Holy Land† Runciman (93). â€Å"Groups of crusaders rampaged through the streets of Jerusalem, killing everyone they came upon† (Runciman 112). â€Å"Some of the locals in Jerusalem took shelter in the Dome of the Rock where Tancred, with an eye towards the ransom money, promised them his protection† Runciman (113). Even though it was difficult, men not under his command tore through the al-Aksa Mosque and slaughtered its occupants (Runciman, 113). Conclusion The crusade was ultimately justified in that period in time since religion is quite important to human life and therefore any person who denies one of these rights is equivalent to killing him or her. Towards this it is worth fight for. Works cited Edgington, Susan. The first crusade: the capture of Jerusalem in AD 1099. The library of the Middle Ages .London: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2004 Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades: The First Crusade and the foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Volume 1 of A History of the Crusade. New York: CUP Archive, 1951 Runciman, Steven. The First Crusade. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005

Between Self expression and commercialization - the sixth generation Essay

Between Self expression and commercialization - the sixth generation - Essay Example Many of the Fifth Generation filmmakers also felt this†¦.self-sufficiency and commercialization, and had to reconsider their positions† (13). From an ideology-centered position, the directors were moving toward to a more individual centered stance. Individuals’ well and woe, as the subject, began to occupy the central place more and more in a movie. Referring to this new orientation, Peterson says, â€Å"The so called 5th generation – included Chen Kaige and Zhang Yimou, the filmmakers we now associate with China’s cinematic revival† (Peterson 3). Though they felt the impulse to explore their ‘self’ as a nation, they, unlike the Sixth Generation Film directors, carefully avoid any direct collision with the dominant political culture. Struggle between Self-expression and Commercialization Choosing to follow their own ways posed a number of risks for these film makers in the 1990s. First, they had to depend on private finance, since d epending on the governmental budget necessarily would bind them to follow the political guidance that often appeared to be contradictory to their free self-expressive zeal, as Peisa says, â€Å"For the cinema, the beginning of the 1990’s was, on the one hand a time of ever intensifying commercialism and on the other hand a politically sensitive time.† (13) Also depending on private financing was not that easy since it often was not as sufficient as the governmental allowances were. Second, commercializing posed to be a potential challenge for them. Shifting from the government fund to private sponsorship necessarily demanded a significant return from the making cost. There were challenges too for the self-expressionist film makers of the 1990s. The most common challenge was to win a market that had already been overly saturated with the supply of ideological but cheaply popular movies in that decade. Movies enriched with elegant theme and taste needed to be fully self- expressionist and self exploring in order to be popular among the majority of the moviegoers: a strategy that was bound to go against the political interests and culture of the era. Therefore avoiding the political wrath, these directors â€Å"began, for the first time in China, to realize their movies with private capital and without submitting the work for the censorship approval; hence they had to find alternative ways to show those works† (Gagliardi). In the beginning of the 1990s, one of crucial alternatives for the moviemakers was to enter into international market, as Gagliardi says, â€Å"One of these ways was the international film festival circuit where the movies found positive criticism and foreign producers† (Gagliardi). In spite of the government’s ban and censorship, the Sixth Generation movies that were critically appraised by the West made a massive infiltration into the country through mostly piracy. With the modernization of