Confucianism - Filial Piety in Chinese Religion Essay

Filial Piety in Chinese Religion Filial piety was an integral part of Chinese culture and therefore was embraced by three of Chinas main religions: Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism. Among the three, Confucianism, with its well documented social hierarchy, supported the ideals of filial piety the most. Buddhism and Daoism also supported filial piety in some of their texts, but had monastic systems that prevented monks and nuns from being filial children. The term filial piety refers to the extreme respect that Chinese children are supposed to show their parents. It involves many different things including taking care of the parents, burying them properly after death, bringing honor to the family, and having a male heir to carry†¦show more content†¦These things were not all that was required of a filial child. Rather, they were an just a few rules that Confucius disciples felt were important enough to be included in the Analects. The concept of filial piety was exhibited in other Confucian texts as well, such as the Book of Rewards and Punishments. Although this text was technically a popular religious text, rather than a Confucian one, it highlighted many Confucian ideals, such as filial piety. It describes good, virtuous people seeking immortality as those who exhibit loyalty to their ruler, filial piety to their parents, true friendship to their older brothers (143). Contrarily, those who are evil insult their ruler and their parents behind their backs (143). According to this text, it is impossible to be a good, virtuous person without showing respect for ones parents. The inclusion of filial piety in this popular religious work also helps to show how widespread the belief in filial piety was in China. Although it received a great deal of support and promotion from Confucianism, filial piety was not limited to Confucians -- it was a widespread part of Chinese culture. Filial piety is also mentioned in Buddhist texts. In the Mangalasutta, it is said that the love of the parents can never be compensated even if one were to carry ones parents on the shoulder without putting them down for a hundred or aShow MoreRelatedA Short History Of Confucianism And Confucianism1196 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Dimick 23 November 2014 A Short History of Confucianism Confucianism is a way of life propagated by the Chinese philosopher Confucius in the 6th–5th century BCE, and it has been followed by the Chinese for more than 2000 years. Although Confucianism as changed over time, at its core, it is still places the same emphasis on the substance of learning, the source of values, and the social code of the Chinese. Additionally, the influence of Confucianism has extended to other countries such as KoreaRead MoreConfucianism Of Han Chin Synthesis And Syncretion1581 Words   |  7 PagesINT 196J 14 November 2014 Confucianism in Han China – Synthesis and Syncretion Abstract: The American Oriental Society suggests that historians consider the fall of the Han Dynasty in negative perspective, viewing the fall of the Han Dynasty as â€Å"the failure of Confucian ethics.† After scrutinizing the available information, one is led to think otherwise. The studies of Confucian traditions are mostly approached by historical and philosophical views. Based on the Chinese dynastic histories of theRead MoreConfucianism And Its Influence On Chinese History1713 Words   |  7 Pagesfigure in the Chinese history. He was a teacher, a philosopher, and also the founder of Confucianism. Confucius’ philosophies, on the other hand, would became well known as Confucianism. 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Pre-ModernRead MorePhilosophy Of Mencius And Xunzi1111 Words   |  5 Pages Confucianism is unique in the fact that unlike other religions, it doesn’t have a divine ruler that is worshiped by its followers. Instead, followers of Confucianism adhere to the ideas and values spread in the teachings of Confucius, a philosopher. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese Thought (Reigel, para. 1). Other than that, however, not much is known for certain about the life of ConfuciusRead MoreDisneyfication of Confucianism as Prersented in Mulan1853 Words   |  8 PagesDisneyfiying Confucious’ Filial Piety as seen in Disney’s Mulan (1998) Filial Piety in the Ballad of Mulan compared to Disney’s version The legend of Mulan, the Chinese woman warrior, was first presented in an annonomous poem called â€Å"the Ballad of Mulan† which dated back the 6th sentury Tang Dynansty. 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Confucius, who lived from 551 to 479 BCE, is different to most philosophers in that he showed no interest questioning his existence, the possibility of a God, or the reality that he seemed to live in; instead he focused on the human relations side of philosophy as it was his belief that people should â€Å"give (themselves) earnestly to the duties due to men †¦Read MoreConfucianism and Filial Piety in Chinese Culture Essay examples2916 Words   |  12 Pages Confucianism and Filial Piety in Chinese culture Western people might wonder why once upon a time in China, choosing a wife or husband for one’s life was not his or her decision but their parents’, or one must mourn for their deceased parents at least three years. The answer is about the definition of morality. Different conceptions of morality have guided different cultures in different directions regarding a central question of human existence: Does morality require filial piety (orRead MoreThe Basic Values Of Confucianism Essay1154 Words   |  5 PagesAsian cultures have religions that are deep rooted, which date back thousands of years. Although Confucius was Chinese, Confucianism has been practiced throughout all of Asia. In Korea, many of the practices when it comes to aging is based on the Confucian value of Filial Piety. â€Å"In Confucian philosophy, filial piety is a virtue of respect for one s parents, elders, and ancestors† CITATION Wik16 l 1033 (Filial piety, n.d.). This is one of the three basic values of Confucianism, but often it is regarded

Strain Theory Essay - 995 Words

The book â€Å"Crime and the American Dream† is an example of the Strain Theory. Social class and living conditions are some of the factors that increases the vulnerability of a certain group to commit crimes. People are eager to be part of the ideology of the dream that the United States has to offer. The United States promise people that if they form part of the American society they will be successful and have the opportunities that they did not have in their home country. Most people believe that since the United States is the land of opportunity. Many people come to this country chasing the American dream while leaving behind the restrictions of their home land. People in their home country that have not yet experienced the living†¦show more content†¦Some people in society rather conform and take socially acceptable paths. Some of those paths include taking less derivable jobs if they cant get their dream job, get an education in less expensive schools if they cant get to harvard or take night classes and learn a trade (Hesling) Those will be the institutionalized way of reaching cultural goals.According to James Heslin there are four other way in which a person can be classified as a conformist or a non conformist (174). Innovators are those who accept the cultural goals but they do not accept the institutionalized means to get them. Some examples are drug dealer, robbers or con artist. The second path is ritualism and happens with those who at the beginning were accepting cultural goals but then they got discourage. At the same time they still do the responsibilities of their job because they want to help the future generation a nd help the world be a better place. The third one is Retreatism and they are those who reject both the institutionalized means and the cultural goals. They usually remove themselves from society and start doing drugs to cope with their lives. Some decide to join a convent. The fourth one is rebellion.They also reject the institutionalized means and cultural goals . However, the difference is that this path tries to change society and their goals and the wayShow MoreRelatedStrain Theory Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Agnew is known for his general strain theory. The theory explains that the basis of people getting involved in criminal activity is because of strain. If someone becomes upset, frustrated, depressed, or mistreated they will turn to crime in order to deal with the feelings. Yet, not all people turn to crime in order to deal with strain or stressors. There are different ways to measure strain. Subjective strains are those strains that are disliked by particula r person or group. This approachedRead MoreStrain Theory Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesStrain Theory Bigger Thomas, a young African American male, Twenty years old; vicious, vile and mean; he hates himself and all human society, especially that part of society which he attributes to making him a monster. Bigger Thomas is in rebellion on what he views as the white caste system; his crime is targeted at white society and the people that he views as being his oppressors. Bigger has the choice of taking on three roles, he can take on the role passivity designed for him by the southernRead MoreRobert Merton Strain Theory Essay1017 Words   |  5 PagesIdentify the key aspects of Robert Merton’s ‘strain theory’. It was a powerful statement focussing on the social causes of crime but what were its limitations? This essay is going to demonstrate an understanding of Robert Merton’s strain theory, the advantages of the Strain theory and also the disadvantages of the theory. Robert Merton (1910) best known for developing theories of deviance. Robert Merton is considered to be one of the most influential social scientists. Merton’s work is highlyRead MoreThe Revival of the Strain Theory Essay1272 Words   |  6 Pagespresented many theories to serve as such explanations with strain theory being one of them; however, like many other theories, strain theory was pushed aside decades ago. It was not until recently that this theory was given new life by criminologist, Robert Agnew. Robert Agnew introduced this new development as the general strain theory. GST was the first supposition that was not tied to social class or cultural variables as it was in previous implications of Émile Durkheim’s anomie theory. Instead,Read MoreEssay on Mertons Strain Theory1127 Words   |  5 PagesIn Merton’s (1938) strain theory social structures account for the criminal tendencies found in offenders. Individuals adjust to societal pressures in fi ve distinct ways. Adaptation I, which entails conforming to both culture norms and means, is the most common. The popularity of this adaptation allows a society to function effectively. In contrast, adaptation IV is the least common and gives rise to the rejection of both cultural goals and means. Those that adopt this culture pattern are societalRead MoreClassic Strain Theory Essays1443 Words   |  6 PagesClassic Strain Theory, as introduced and defined by Robert Merton, is a Social Structure Theory used to help explain the effect one’s community, most notably lower class areas, has on their ability to achieve predetermined goals, usually considered culturally normal. Merton theorized that all people in a various culture and social structure have similar values, goals, and norms. He stated that within this social structure there are individuals who come from affluent upbringing and are therefore moreRead More The General Strain Theory Essay2128 Words   |  9 PagesP roposed Topic Exploring the role of negative emotions among murderers in a population of federal offenders: the General Strain Theory Introduction The General Strain Theory (GST) states that people who commit crimes are pressured into them by negative emotions that result from a variety of life strains. Negative emotions cause them to feel in a negative way and thus creating pressure on them to act in a variety of ways, with crime and violence being one possible response. GST has been exploredRead MoreEssay on Control theory, Anomie theory and Strain theory 1444 Words   |  6 Pages Control theory, Anomie theory and Strain theory provide very different explanations of why people commit crimes based upon assumptions about how humans function. Control theory suggests that humans are naturally drawn to breaking the law. Humans are driven to fulfill their needs and desires. Crime provides one method by which humans can reach their goals. Control theorists would thus ask why everyone does not turn to crime to meet their wants and needs. The question shifts from the typical why doRead MoreEssay Deviance: Sociology and Strain Theory 966 Words   |  4 Pagesnorms including formally-enacted rules (e.g., crime) as well as informal violations of social norms.† People consider an act to be a deviance act because of the three sociological theories: control theory, labeling theory and strain theory. It deeply reflected in the movie called Menace II Society. Control theory. Portrayed in this movie, there are 2 control systems working against our motivations to deviate. Inner controls (things inside you that stop you from deviating- morals, religious beliefsRead More Strain Theories of Criminal Behaviour Essay1997 Words   |  8 PagesStrain theories of criminal behaviour have been amongst the most important and influential in the field of criminology. Taking a societal approach, strain theories have sought to explain deficiencies in social structure that lead individuals to commit crime (Williams and McShane 2010). Strain theories operate under the premise that there is a societal consensus of values, beliefs, and goals with legitimate methods for achieving success. When individuals are denied access to legitimate methods for

Buddhism in Japan from Prehistoric to Kamakura Period Free Essays

Buddhism in Japan might have been brought by early merchants traveling the Silk Road from India, to China, to Korea and to Japan. Because of the constant interaction between these countries, many Buddhist teachings and practices, particularly the Mahayana Buddhism, together with some Chinese cultural traditions became integrated with Japan’s own cultural development. At first, conflicts with Shinto belief caused delay in the spread of the Buddhist religion. We will write a custom essay sample on Buddhism in Japan from Prehistoric to Kamakura Period or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ancient Japanese people regarded Buddha as one of the kamis yet many were attracted to the beauty of its arts and the promises of concrete benefits such as â€Å"wealth and longevity†. As time went on, more and more people recognized that Buddhism has its own belief that was thought to be complementary with the existing Shinto religion, Japan’s native religion. During the Nara period, some Buddhist monasteries built around the capital Nara gained political influence in the ruling government. Because of this ambitious and militant movement of monasteries, the government was forced to move the capital from Nara to Nagaoka (784AD) and then to Kyoto (794AD). This issue remained a problem for many centuries in the Japanese history. During the Heian Period (794-1185), many sects were grabbing popular attention over the Japanese population. These sects presented Buddhism in a way that best suited the ancient Japanese culture and tradition as seen from these three sects: Shingon sect (774-835AD) by Kukai; True Pure Land Sect (1173-1262) by Shinran; and, Lotus Hokke or Nichiren Sect (1222-1282) founded by Nichiren. The acceptance of Buddhism can be attributed from the works of these sects, which still have millions of followers as of today. In conclusion, Buddhism in Japan became popular since its core practices and teachings were complementary with Shinto religion as shown by popular Buddhist sects named above. References (â€Å"Buddhism in Japan†; , â€Å"Japanese Buddhism†, 2004; , â€Å"A View on Buddhism: History of Japanese Buddhism†) Buddhism in Japan. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 6, 2007, from http://afe. easia. columbia. edu/japan/japanworkbook/religion/jbuddhis. html Japanese Buddhism. (2004). Retrieved April 6, 2007, from http://www. japan-guide. com/e/e2055. html A View on Buddhism: History of Japanese Buddhism. (November 30, 2006). Retrieved April 6, 2007, from http://buddhism. kalachakranet. org/history_japanese_buddhism. html How to cite Buddhism in Japan from Prehistoric to Kamakura Period, Papers

Button Button free essay sample

In the context of this particular lesson, we will be using literary analysis of Button, Button, by Richard Matheson, to give students a space in which to think critically, creatively, and ethically about their own experiences with ethical decision making in the world and then communicate those experiences in their own writing. Because students in middle school are soon going to be entering a phase in their lives where an empathetic understanding of the world will require the fair consideration of multiple perspectives, the primary competency at work here will be ethical thinking. In regards to ethical thinking, Lipman says education is not the extraction of a reasonable adult out of a reasonable child, but a development of the child’s impulses to be reasonable† (Lipman 263). We know our students will be naturally inclined to want to make reasonable decisions, and we believe our lesson will start them on the path to thinking about what exactly should go into making those decisions. Objectives: 1) Students will learn to actively â€Å"read† social texts for comprehension and analysis. As part of this analysis students will also be expected to draw and justify conclusions about the ethics of decision-making according to context. ) Students will work collaboratively in small groups to uncover meaning in the texts they’re analyzing. b) In small and large group discussion students will be asked to communicate their interpretations of the text, using supporting evidence from the text and their own experiences to back up their reasoning. 2) Students will compare and contrast the moral situations described in multiple social texts, understanding what circumstances may play into a certain decision. 3) Students will be able to understand the concept of a narrative arc and apply it to their comprehension of the text and their own narrative. ) Comprehension of the narrative arc concept will include an understanding of the terms exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution and the ability to identify them at work in a piece of writing. 4) Students will be able to write to exemplify understanding of the three competencies of thinking. a) Students will recreate a scene using dialogue and other storytelling techniques to tell an original story. b) Students will fully consider the ethical implications of their experience and write to accurately portray them. ) Students will have to critically consider their prior knowledge and experience in the terms newly defined by class discussion regarding ethical decisio n-making and literary analysis. Context: Ideally, we would be teaching this lesson as the beginning of a unit centered on choices—namely, how the choices we make are influenced by others and how our choices impact the people around us. Eventually, the unit would develop into the ultimate exercise of empathetic understanding: a consideration of social injustice currently on display in the world today. This topic is very broad in scope, however, and in order to do it justice we would first focus on the individual with our analysis of Button, Button. Through our analysis, informal, and formal assessments, students will come to an understanding of how a decision of theirs influenced their lives. After working with Button, Button, we will move on to an analysis of a novel dealing with ethical questions in the context of situations laden with peer pressure and how other people affect the choices we make, such as The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-time Indian, by Sherman Alexie. Finally, we will end the unit by reading A Wreath for Emmett Till. At the conclusion of this unit, students will have a fully developed narrative in which they consider how an ethical choice(s) impacted their lives and the lives of those around them and what influenced the making of that choice(s). Introductory Set: 1) What is your definition of ethics? 2) Who decides what is right or wrong or ethical? Does it come from authority? Is there a difference between collective and personal ethics? Can the two be different and both be â€Å"right? 3) What do you take into consideration when you compile your own ethical principles? 4) If no one’s watching or if there are no consequences, does acting ethically matter? Why? Procedures: Day 1: 1. Milgram experiment reenactment—5 minutes 2. Debriefing questions orally as class—5 minutes a) Why did you do it? b) Would you all have done it? 3. Watch Milgram experiment video w/ background—10 minutes a) Introduce first t wo questions of introductory set. 4. Small group discussions—10 minutes a) Assign questions to small groups and have groups answer questions 5. Large group discussion—10 a) Groups report findings and discuss questions leading into tomorrow’s reading of Button, Button 6. Freewrite about a time when they had to make an ethical decision—10 minutes a) Notify class that the story will be part of the final project Homework: Embellish story Day 2: 1. Large Group discussion reviewing yesterday’s group findings—10 minutes 2. Intro to Button, Button—5 minutes a) Author background and story context. 3. Read Button, Button out loud (teacher or audio recording)—15 minutes 4. Large group discussion of story—20 minutes Day 3: 1. Introduce notion of the narrative arc and explain/discuss—10 minutes 2. In pairs: plot Button, Button narrative on narrative arc diagram—20 minutes 3. Debrief with class; share/discuss—10 minutes 4. Directed freewrite: plot out your own narrative—10 minutes Homework: find a genuine conversation with anyone (text message, IM, facebook, email, real life, etc) and bring it the next day (5-8 exchange conversation) Day 4 – Grammar: 1. Explain dialogue and good techniques for writing dialogue—5 minutes 2. Teacher model example with class participation (â€Å"Spice things up! †)—10 minutes 3. Students enliven their artifacts—10 minutes 4. Verbs/adverbs definition work—5 minutes 5. â€Å"Spice verbs/adverbs up† on overhead/board—10 minutes 6. Free write: spice up narrative—10 minutes Homework: Bring a 1st draft for next class Formal Assessment: For the formal assessment of our lesson we will have students write a narrative about an instance in which they had to make an ethical decision. Integral to the compilation of their narrative will be the execution of effective techniques for writing dialogue and skillfully employing verbs and adverbs in correlation with our in-context grammar lesson. Formal Assessment Rubric: Content – 40%: -Must be based on a central ethical issue. -Must include at least 2 exchanges of dialogue between two or more people. -Must include a reflection on the ethical situation answering these questions: Why did you make the choice you did? Did you make the right choice? Why/why not? Would you change it if you could? Organization – 10%: -Must include a title. -Must be 2-3 pages, double-spaced. Conventions – 50%: -Proper use of Dialogue -Varied use of verbs and adverbs -Varying sentence structure -Proper spelling and punctuation Informal Assessment: Our informal assessment will consist of completion of daily writing as well as students’ active participation in small and large group discussion. Materials Needed: 1. Enough soda for every student. 2. Computer and Internet access to Youtube 3. Projector 4. Milgram Experiment video 5. Copies of short story Button, Button, by Richard Matheson 6. Narrative arc handouts 7. Narrative arc blank diagrams 8. Overhead projector/ELMO 9. Verb/adverb activity 10. Copies of Teacher dialogue model Grammar Lesson: Essential questions: 1. How does narrative writing benefit from the skillful employment of dialogue? . How does the active use of varied verbs and adverbs make writing more engaging? Rationale: Students need to understand the role of dialogue and engaging verbs and adverbs in bringing a text to life. Our selected text, Button, Button, employs these techniques especially well, and so students will be able to see a model of what their effective use looks like so they can more fully understand how they might utilize dialogue and diverse verbs and adverbs to enhance their own writing. Objectives: 1) Comprehend traits of effective dialogue writing and apply to their own writing. ) Comprehend what verbs and adverbs are, how to use them skillfully, and be able to transfer this understanding to their own writing. Introduction/anticipatory set: 1. How does dialogue work in real life? How is that similar to or different from written dialogue? 2. What are the roles of verbs and adverbs in writing? Procedures: Day 4 – Grammar: 1. Explain dialogue and good techniques for writing dialogue—5 minutes 2. Teacher model example with class participation (â€Å"Spice things up! †)—10 minutes 3. Students enliven their artifacts—10 minutes 4. Verbs/adverbs definition work—5 minutes . â€Å"Spice verbs/adverbs up† on overhead/board—10 minutes 6. Free write: spice up narrative—10 minutes Homework: Bring a 1st draft for n ext class Closure and assessment features: Our grammar lesson is integral to our students’ understanding of how to complete the formal assessment for the lesson as a whole. We will evaluate student understanding of the concepts of effective dialogue and verb and adverb use by the presence of dialogue and diverse verbs and adverbs on display in their own writing, as per the following guidelines of the formal assessment rubric: Content: Must include at least 2 exchanges of dialogue between two or more people. Conventions: Proper use of Dialogue Varied use of verbs and adverbs We will further assess students’ understanding of the contents of our grammar lesson by their participation in our in-class â€Å"spicing up† of bland dialogue and verb/adverb use. This will extend to encompass students’ display of dialogue and verb/adverb use as evident in their writing journals and homework. Such will be the contents of our informal assessment. Six Essential Curriculum Design Questions: ) What do you want students to learn? We want students to be able to apply aspects of critical, caring, and creative thinking to social texts and their own experience. Critical thinking: students will display comprehension and analysis of social texts. Caring thinking: students will elicit an emotional response to our social texts and analyze how that response affects their reading of the texts. Creative thinking: students will take what they have read and express it in a creative project, utilizing prior experience in some way. A) Why are these your beliefs/ ideas? We believe the combination of these three schools of thought fosters the ability of our students to act in critically literate ways on the world in which they live. B) How is â€Å"what counts as the content of English† determined? We search out texts that bear analysis of the English language in such a way that will help students use English to make meaning from their lives. When you study English you’re studying more than the words on the page. You’re studying it to gain meaning from the text that can affect you in some way. How you interact with the text determines the meaning you make. We’re teaching students to interact with texts in meaningful ways (comprehension, analysis, composition, etc. ). 2) Why do you want students to learn these things? We’re giving students an opportunity to become better users of the English language. For example, you shouldn’t leave an English classroom without being able to analyze a social text and make a connection between it and the world as you know it. Because the texts we’re dealing with are concerned with personal ethics, the connection we will be fostering is one that will instill morals and skills in students that need to be in operation every day in and out of school. A) Why are these your justifications and where do they come from? State standards dictate that these are the types of things we need to be teaching students. The following state standards dictate that the lessons we have prepared for students are essential:   Reading: 12. 1. 1: By the end of the twelfth grade, students will  identity  the basic facts and essential ideas in what they have read or viewed. 12. 1. 3: By the end of the twelfth grade, students will identify, analyze, and apply  knowledge  of the basic forms of text and various literary genres. 2. 1. 8: By the end of the  twelfth grade, students will interpret the meaning of poetry, drama, prose-fiction, and non-fiction film, or media by using different analytic techniques and presenting specific evidence from the text. These standards provide rationale for both reading Button, Button and for analyzing the texts through comparison-contrast and various strategies. Writing: 12. 2. 3: By the end of the twelfth grad e, students will produce varied written texts that communicate effectively in expository and narrative prose. 12. 2. : By the end of the twelfth grade, students will use creative and critical thinking strategies and skills to generate original and meaningful products. These standards provide rationale for our personal narrative writing assignment. Speaking: 12. 3. 1: By the end of the twelfth grade, students will pose questions and contribute their own information or ideas in group discussion. This standard provides rationale for our students to engage in extensive conversation about Button, Button in both large and small groups. Listening: 12. 4. : By the end of the twelfth grade, students will use listening skills for a variety of purposes. This standard provides rationale for students to consistently listen to the instructor and one another in class discussion over the text. B) What are the most effective ways to develop and communicate your justifcations? The most effective way to develop justifications for teaching is to think critically about what we want our students to learn and consult authorities that have conducted research on the matter—like the Lipman text. Only when we apply our justifications to practice, however, do we truly discover their merit. Before we begin teaching, we need to communicate our justifications to students by connecting them to a â€Å"big idea† students can latch onto as meaningful and practical. In this case, making a personal connection to the ethical basis of the decisions students make is a very relevant idea for 8th graders. 3) How will we know if students have learned or understood what we want them to? We will know if students are understanding on the level we want them to if they are demonstrating an understanding of the reading in their discussion and writing. A) Why are these your beliefs? These displays are measurable evidence that students are engaging and nteracting with the text. We will be able to see and hear students’ interpretations of the text first hand and facilitate their understanding from there. B) How might this be determined in teaching contexts? We will have rubrics for both our informal and formal assessments that will determine if students fully understand what we want them to learn. We will be sure to evaluate students’ efforts to make meaning from the text on an individual basis. Participation in discussion will help students better analyze the text, which will in turn have an effect on how they develop their formal assessment. ) Why are you going to determine your students understanding in these ways? We believe the more creative forms of assessment we are emphasizing do not promote rote learning—the accumulation of knowledge—but understanding. If students know they’re going to take a test at the conclusion of a reading based on random facts from the book, they’re going to read the text differently—and more superficially—than if they know they’re going to have to develop a meaningful composition from their interaction with the text. A) Where do these ideas come from? Why? These ideas come from experiences in accidental apprenticeships where we have seen these principles at work. None of us have ever had a positive experience with a class where an understanding of a text was based on our accurate regurgitation of surface details from the text. However, classes that have forced us to make personal connections with the text and explain that interaction have been much more beneficial across the board. B) Why do these ways â€Å"make sense† to you? Our personal experiences as students have informed us that when we read a text for a test, we don’t come to the same understanding as when we read a text for a more authentic, meaningful purpose. Creative assignments that have tasked us with scouring our own experiences for ways of making meaning from reading of a text lead to a more authentic engagement with the material. 5) How are you going to facilitate your students’ learning of the things you want them to learn? We will lead students in discussion by asking thought provoking and open-ended questions, encouraging students to think beyond the â€Å"right/wrong† answer paradigm. Also, we will model writing techniques with the goal that students will become comfortable sharing their thoughts in a forum and writing about them. A) Why are these your beliefs and where do they come from? We’ve learned about the benefits of modeling writing and encouraging open-ended discussion in several of the English education classes we’ve taken thus far. Additionally, we’ve seen the benefits first hand when teachers use these techniques in the classroom. B) How might you determine the best ways to facilitate student understanding of the school subject â€Å"English? We determine our methods by drawing from what we’ve read and what we’ve seen in action. Then, if our own interpretation of that is effective, we continue to use those methods—if not, we modify our methods to reflect the needs of our students. For example, we mention we want students to think outside of the â€Å"right/wrong† answer paradigm, a tenant we can gather from Lipman’s idea that â€Å"An inventive thought contains many problems and many relevant, promising ideas† (Lipman 247). If our students are too focused only on the â€Å"problems† in their inventive thinking, they may discount what they have in the way of â€Å"relevant, promising† ideas. However, because students are traditionally taught that there is usually only a single â€Å"right† answer, we may have to try a number of different methods to get them to see that an idea that doesn’t align with the â€Å"right† answer can be immensely valuable too. 6) Why are you going to facilitate your students learning in these ways? What are your justifications and rationales? What, then, is your theory of learning the content of the school subject English? Honestly, we believe that the methods we’ve outlined above have the potential to be very effective mechanisms for helping our students come to an understanding of what we want them to learn about ethical decision making in the context of social texts and their own lives. We’ve compiled these methods with the notion that we should always aim to engage our students in similarly meaningful forms of instruction so they can transfer what they learn into an understanding of what it takes to be a productive and conscientious member of society. Questions to consider during lesson development to†¦ Foster critical thinking: 1. In his explanation of the key role judgment plays in critical thinking, Lipman says the making of thoughtful judgments mandates that â€Å"knowledge and experience are not merely possessed, but applied to practice† (Lipman 210). What steps can we take to ensure that what we teach bears practical application or is meaningful to our students? 2. Lipman stresses that â€Å"claims and opinions must be supported by reasons† (Lipman 212). How can we impress upon our students the importance of carefully evaluating what they think and believe by stringent criteria? 3. What can we do to help our students achieve self-corrective thought not only on an individual, but also a communal basis? â€Å"One of the most important advantages of converting the classroom into a community of inquiry is that members of the community begin looking for and correcting each other’s methods and procedures† (Lipan 219). 4. â€Å"Individual situations need to be examined on their own terms and not forced into some Procrustean bed of general rules and regulations† (Lipmman 219). How can we ensure our students understand the importance of context when thinking critically? 5. According to Lipman, the critical thinker can â€Å"apply problem-solving techniques appropriately in domains other than those in which they were learned† (Lipan 59). What assessments can we implement to ensure that what we teach has transferrable potential? Foster creative thinking: 1. Lipman states, â€Å"Creative thinking requires a constant trying out or testing,† but how can we get students to separate the concept of creation from the fear of failure that often prevents students from taking creative liberties (Lipman 245)? 2. How do we get students to trust in the novelty of their own thought processes? Lipman believes â€Å"creative thinkers are those who ask questions where others are content to proceed without further reflection† (Lipman 245). 3. Lipman notes, â€Å"creative thinking defies not the rules, but the odds† (Lipman 251). How can we use this principal to form a union between the â€Å"rules† of grammar and creative thought? 4. How much attention should teachers pay to fostering students’ ability to think creatively? â€Å"Success of creative thought done by students hinges upon the ability of the practitioner to understand and identify with the creative process from within† (Lipman 252). . How can we get students to think beyond the traditional right/wrong paradigm as they ask questions and engage in discussions? â€Å"An inventive thought contains many problems and many relevant, promising ideas† (Lipman 247). Foster caring/ethical thinking: 1. Lipman states, One can conceive of emotions as themselves forms of judgment or, mor e broadly, forms of thought† (266). How can we safely provide students the opportunity to render judgment based on emotion within the classroom? Is this a process that we should value in the English classroom? . â€Å"To care is to focus on that which we respect, to appreciate its worth, to value its value† (Lipman, 262). Due to the personal nature of caring, how can a teacher foster a community of caring thinkers without stressing personal biases? 3. Empathetic thinking deals with â€Å"what happens when we put ourselves into another’s situation and experience that person’s emotions as if they were our own† (Lipman, 269). What types of pedagogical decisions must be made in order to foster a community of empathy? 4. According to Lipman,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Caring has ample credentials as a cognitive enterprise, even though it often consists of hardly discernible mental acts (270). Due to carings ambiguous nature, how can teachers assess ones engagement in this type of thinking? 5. If thinking does not have a value component, it is liable to approach its subject matters apathetically, indifferently, and uncaringly and this means it would be diffident even about inquiry itself† (Lipman, 270). Is it possible for students or teachers to think completely objectively, without a value component? Should they be able to?